Imam al-Hadi (peace be upon him) — in a letter to the people of Ahwaz when they asked him about jabr (compulsion) and ikhtiyar (free will), he said: ... All people as a whole are agreed, and there is no difference among them, that the Quran is truth, and none of the sects has any doubt or misgiving about it. So if they reach consensus on it (the Quran), they are correct and on the truth, and by affirming what Allah has revealed they are guided to the saying of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) who said: "My community will not agree upon misguidance." So the Prophet informed us that whatever the community agrees upon and does not differ among themselves regarding, that is the truth. This is the meaning of the hadith, not what the ignorant interpret it as, nor what the opponents say — those who invalidate the rulings of the Quran and follow the rulings of forged hadiths and embellished narrations, and follow ruinous, destructive desires which contradict the explicit text of the Quran and the sense of its clear, luminous verses. We ask Allah to grant us the success of the right path and to guide us to uprightness. Then he said: If the Quran bears witness to the confirmation of a report and verifies it, and a group of the community denies it and opposes it with one of these embellished hadiths, then by this denial and opposition to the Quran they become disbelievers and misguided. The soundest and most correct report is that whose verification is known from the Quran, such as the report agreed upon from the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family) in which he said: "I am leaving behind among you two successors: the Book of Allah and my progeny. As long as you hold fast to them, you will never go astray after me, and the two will never separate until they meet me at the Pond (Hawd)." And his other wording with exactly the same meaning is his saying (peace be upon him and his family): "I am leaving among you the two weighty things (al-Thaqalayn): the Book of Allah and my progeny, my Ahl al-Bayt. The two will never separate until they meet me at the Pond. As long as you hold fast to them, you will not go astray." When we find the evidence of this hadith explicitly in the Book of Allah, such as His saying: إِنَّما وَلِیُّکُمُ اللهُ وَ رَسُولُهُ وَ الَّذِینَ آمَنُوا الَّذِینَ یُقِیمُونَ الصَّلاةَ وَ یُؤْتُونَ الزَّکاةَ وَ هُمْ راکِعُونَ [Your guardian is only Allah and His Messenger and those who believe, those who establish prayer and give zakat while they are bowing] (Ma'idah/55), and the narrations of the scholars all agree that this concerns Amir al-Mu'minin (peace be upon him), that he gave his ring in charity while bowing, and Allah appreciated this act of his and revealed the verse concerning him; and we find the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family) singled him out and distinguished him from the rest of his companions with this wording: "Whoever I am his master, Ali is his master. O Allah, befriend whoever befriends him and be an enemy to whoever is his enemy." And his saying (peace be upon him and his family): "Ali will settle my debts and fulfill my promises, and he is my successor over you after me." And his saying (peace be upon him and his family) when he made him his deputy over Medina and Ali (peace be upon him) said: "O Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family), are you appointing me over women and children as your deputy in this matter?" He said: "Are you not content that you should stand to me as Harun stood to Musa (peace be upon him), except that there is no prophet after me?" So we came to know that the Quran testifies to the soundness of these reports and the verification of these testimonies. So it is incumbent upon the community to acknowledge them, when these reports agree with the Quran and the Quran agrees with these reports. When we found this to be in agreement with the Book of Allah, and found the Book of Allah in agreement with these reports and a proof for them, then following and adhering to these reports is obligatory, and none transgress this limit set by Allah except the obstinate and the corrupters. Then he said: Our aim and intent is to speak about jabr (compulsion) and ikhtiyar (free will) and to explain and clarify these two. The purpose of what has been said is the agreement and consistency of the Quran and the report; if they agree with each other, that is a proof and testimony for what we seek, and confirmation of what we wish to explain, Allah willing. Then he said: When Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) was asked about jabr and ikhtiyar, he said: "There is neither compulsion nor delegation (tafwid), but a matter between the two matters." It was said: "O son of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family), what is meant?" He said: "Soundness of intellect, availability of the way, respite in time, provision for the journey, and the motivating cause for the doer to act — these are five things; if the servant is lacking in one of them, the deed is set aside from him accordingly. I will offer for each of these three chapters — namely jabr, tafwid, and the station between the two stations — an example that will bring the meaning close to the seeker and make it easy for him to investigate its explanation, and the Quran with its firm verses will bear witness to it, and its confirmation will be established for those of understanding. Protection from sin and the granting of success are with Allah." Then he said: As for jabr, it is the statement of one who claims that Allah the Mighty and Majestic compelled the servants to commit sins and then punishes them for those sins. Whoever holds this view has wronged Allah and belied Him and rejected His saying: وَ لا یَظْلِمُ رَبُّکَ أَحَداً [And your Lord does not wrong anyone] (Kahf/49), and His saying, exalted is His mention: [and We say to them]: ذلِکَ بِما قَدَّمَتْ یَداکَ وَ أَنَّ اللهَ لَیْسَ بِظَلَّامٍ لِلْعَبِیدِ [That is for what your hands have sent forth, and Allah is not unjust to His servants] (Hajj/10), along with many other verses on this theme. So whoever claims that he is compelled to sin has attributed his sin to Allah the Mighty and Majestic and has wronged Him in punishing him. Whoever wrongs his Lord has belied His Book, and whoever belies His Book is bound by the consensus of the community to be a disbeliever. The example given for this is the example of a man who owned a slave who possessed nothing but himself and had none of the goods of the world, and the master knew this of him. Then, knowing this, he ordered him to go to the market to bring him some item, and did not give him the price of what he was to bring. The master knew that over that item there was a watchman who would not let anyone take it except at a price he would agree to. This master of the slave described himself as just, fair, wise, and free of tyranny, and threatened his slave that if he did not bring him the item he would punish him. When the slave went to the market and tried to take the item which his master had sent him to fetch, he found upon it an obstruction preventing him from taking it except by paying the price, and the slave did not have its price. So he returned to his master disappointed, without having fulfilled his need. His master became enraged at this and punished him. He would then be an oppressor, a transgressor, invalidating what he had described of his justice, wisdom, and fairness. And if he did not punish him, he would have belied himself. Is it not necessary that he should not punish him? Lying and injustice negate justice and wisdom. Allah is far exalted above what the Compulsionists say, exceedingly exalted. Then the Learned One (peace be upon him), after a lengthy discourse, said: As for the tafwid (delegation) which al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) invalidated and considered mistaken those who hold to it — it is the statement of the one who says that Allah the Exalted delegated to the servants the choice of His command and prohibition and abandoned them. In this is a subtle point which none has reached its depth and subtlety except the rightly-guided Imams (may Allah hasten their noble relief) from the progeny of the family of the Messenger (peace be upon them). They said: If Allah had delegated His matter to them by way of neglect, then His acceptance of what they chose would be binding upon Him, and they would deserve reward for it, and there would be no punishment upon them for the crimes they committed, if neglect were established. This statement resolves into two meanings: either the servants combined against Him and forced Him to accept their choices by their opinions, necessarily, whether He disliked it or loved it — in which case weakness would attach to Him; or He, exalted and sanctified, was incapable of subjecting them to worship by command and prohibition according to His will, so He delegated His command and prohibition to them and made them run according to their liking, since He was incapable of subjecting them to worship by command and prohibition according to His will, so He made the choice between disbelief and faith theirs. The example of this is the example of a man who owned a slave whom he bought to serve him, to acknowledge his lordship, and to abide by his command and prohibition. The master of the slave claimed that he was powerful, dominant, mighty, and wise. So he commanded and forbade his slave and promised him great reward for following his command, and threatened him with painful punishment for disobeying him. But the slave went against his master's will and did not abide by his command and prohibition. Whatever command he gave him or prohibition he issued to him, he did not comply according to the master's will; rather the slave followed his own will. Then the master sent him on some errand of his in which lay his need, and the slave went and brought back something other than that need, in opposition to his master, seeking his own will and following his desire. When he returned to his master, the master looked at what he had brought and found it was contrary to what he had ordered. The slave said: "I relied on your delegation of the matter to me, so I followed my desire and will, because the one to whom something is delegated is not restricted, since it is impossible for delegation and restriction to be combined." Then he (peace be upon him) said: So whoever claims that Allah delegated the acceptance of His command and prohibition to His servants has affirmed incapacity in Him and made it obligatory upon Him to accept whatever they did of good or evil, and has invalidated the command and prohibition of Allah the Exalted. Then he said: Indeed Allah created the creation by His power and granted them the capacity for what He obligated them to worship Him by, of command and prohibition. He accepted from them the following of His command and was pleased with that from them, and forbade them His disobedience, and blamed whoever disobeyed Him and punished him for it. To Allah belongs the choice in command and prohibition — He chooses what He wills and commands it, and forbids what He dislikes, and rewards and punishes by the capacity which He granted His servants for following His command and avoiding His acts of disobedience — because He is Justice, and from Him is fairness and judgment. He has completed the proof by warning and admonishing. To Him belongs the selection — He chooses whomever He wills of His servants. He chose Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) and sent him with the mission to His creation. Had He delegated the choice of His affairs to His servants, He would have permitted Quraysh to choose Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt and Mas'ud al-Thaqafi, for these two were in their view greater than Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family), as they said: لَوْ لا نُزِّلَ هذَا الْقُرْآنُ عَلی رَجُلٍ مِنَ الْقَرْیَتَیْنِ عَظِیمٍ [Why was this Quran not sent down upon some great man of the two towns (Mecca and Ta'if)?] (Zukhruf/31), meaning by that those two men. This is the position between the two positions — neither jabr nor tafwid. This is what Amir al-Mu'minin (peace be upon him) explained in reply to the question of 'Abaya ibn Rib'i al-Asadi about capacity (istita'a). Amir al-Mu'minin (peace be upon him) said: "Do you possess it apart from Allah, or together with Allah?" 'Abaya ibn Rib'i fell silent. He said: "Speak, O 'Abaya." He said: "What shall I say, O Amir al-Mu'minin (peace be upon him)?" He said: "If you say you possess it together with Allah, I will kill you; and if you say you possess it apart from Allah, I will also kill you." He said: "Then what shall I say, O Amir al-Mu'minin (peace be upon him)?" He said: "Say: I possess it through Allah, who is its true owner apart from you. If He makes you the owner of it, that is from His giving; and if He takes it from you, that is from His trial. He is the owner of what He has given you and the owner of that over which He has empowered you. Have you not heard people asking for hawl (power) and quwwa (strength) when they say: لاَ حَولَ وَ لاَ قُوّةَ إلاَّ بِاللهِ [There is no power and no strength except through Allah]?" The man said: "What is its interpretation, O Amir al-Mu'minin (peace be upon him)?" He said: "We have no power to resist the disobedience of Allah except through the protection of Allah, and we have no strength for obedience to Allah except through the help of Allah." He said: The man leapt up and kissed his hands and feet. Then he (peace be upon him) said concerning the saying of Allah the Exalted: وَ لَنَبْلُوَنَّکُمْ حَتَّی نَعْلَمَ الْمُجاهِدِینَ مِنْکُمْ وَ الصَّابِرِینَ وَ نَبْلُوَا أَخْبارَکُمْ [We shall surely test you until We know the strivers among you and the patient, and We shall test your reports] (Muhammad/31), and His saying: سَنَسْتَدْرِجُهُمْ مِنْ حَیْثُ لا یَعْلَمُونَ [We shall gradually seize them with punishment from where they do not know] (A'raf/182), and His saying: أَنْ یَقُولُوا آمَنَّا وَ هُمْ لا یُفْتَنُونَ [that they say "We believe" and be left without being tested?] ('Ankabut/2), and His saying: وَ لَقَدْ فَتَنَّا سُلَیْمانَ [And We tested Sulayman] (Sad/34), and His saying: فَإِنَّا قَدْ فَتَنَّا قَوْمَکَ مِنْ بَعْدِکَ وَ أَضَلَّهُمُ السَّامِرِیُّ [We tested your people after you, and al-Samiri led them astray] (Ta-ha/85), and the saying of Musa (peace be upon him): إِنْ هِیَ إِلَّا فِتْنَتُکَ [This is only Your trial] (A'raf/155), and His saying: لِیَبْلُوَکُمْ فِی ما آتاکُمْ [that He may test you in what He has given you] (Ma'idah/48), and His saying: ثُمَّ صَرَفَکُمْ عَنْهُمْ لِیَبْتَلِیَکُمْ [Then He turned you away from them that He might test you] (Al Imran/152), and His saying: إِنَّا بَلَوْناهُمْ کَما بَلَوْنا أَصْحابَ الْجَنَّةِ [We tested them as We tested the owners of the garden] (Qalam/17), and His saying: لِیَبْلُوَکُمْ أَیُّکُمْ أَحْسَنُ عَمَلًا [that He may test you as to which of you is best in deeds], and His saying: وَ إِذِ ابْتَلی إِبْراهِیمَ رَبُّهُ بِکَلِماتٍ [And when his Lord tested Ibrahim with words] (Baqarah/124), and His saying: وَ لَوْ یَشاءُ اللهُ لَانْتَصَرَ مِنْهُمْ وَ لکِنْ لِیَبْلُوَا بَعْضَکُمْ بِبَعْضٍ [Had Allah willed, He would have taken vengeance on them, but He wills to test some of you by others] (Muhammad/4) — all of these have come in the Quran in the meaning of testing. Then he said: If they say, "What is the proof in the saying of Allah the Mighty and Majestic: یُضِلُّ مَنْ یَشاءُ وَ یَهْدِی مَنْ یَشاءُ [He misguides whom He wills and guides whom He wills] (Fatir/8), and what resembles it?" — we say: Understanding the figurative sense of this verse requires grasping two meanings. The first is that it is information concerning Allah the Exalted's being able to guide whomever He wills and misguide whomever He wills; and had He compelled them to one of the two paths, then, as we explained, neither reward nor punishment would be due to them. The second is that one of the meanings of hidaya (guidance) is teaching and informing, as Allah the Exalted says: وَ أَمَّا ثَمُودُ فَهَدَیْناهُمْ فَاسْتَحَبُّوا الْعَمی عَلَی الْهُدی [As for Thamud, We guided them, but they preferred blindness over guidance] (Fussilat/17). And it is not the case that every ambiguous (mutashabih) verse in the Quran is a proof over the rulings of the verses which we have been commanded to take and follow, and that is the saying of Allah: هُوَ الَّذِی أَنْزَلَ عَلَیْکَ الْکِتابَ مِنْهُ آیاتٌ مُحْکَماتٌ هُنَّ أُمُّ الْکِتابِ وَ أُخَرُ مُتَشابِهاتٌ فَأَمَّا الَّذِینَ فِی قُلُوبِهِمْ زَیْغٌ فَیَتَّبِعُونَ ما تَشابَهَ مِنْهُ ابْتِغاءَ الْفِتْنَةِ وَ ابْتِغاءَ تَأْوِیلِهِ [He is the One who sent down to you the Book: from it are muhkam (firm, clear) verses which are the mother of the Book (Ummul Kitab), and others are mutashabih (ambiguous). As for those in whose hearts is deviation, they follow what is ambiguous of it, seeking discord and seeking its interpretation] (Al Imran/7). And He said: فَبَشِّرْ عِبادِ الَّذِینَ یَسْتَمِعُونَ الْقَوْلَ فَیَتَّبِعُونَ أَحْسَنَهُ أُولئِکَ الَّذِینَ هَداهُمُ اللهُ وَ أُولئِکَ هُمْ أُولُوا الْأَلْبابِ [So give glad tidings to My servants, those who listen to the word and follow the best of it; those are the ones whom Allah has guided, and those are the possessors of understanding] (Zumar/17-18). May Allah grant us and you success in what He loves and is pleased with, and bring us and you close to nobility and nearness, and guide us and you to what is better and more lasting for us and for you. Indeed He is the Doer of what He wills, the Wise, the Generous, the Glorious.